Financial Information Management_Management

Questions: 1) Assume you have invested half of your savings in a risk-free asset and half in a risky portfolio P. Is it theoretically possible to lower your portfolio risk if you move your risk-free asset holdings into another risky portfolio Q? In other words, can you ever reduce your risk more by buying a risky security than by buying a risk-free asset? 2) Is it possible that the holdings of an open-end fund are worth much more or less than what the shares of the fund are trading for? Explain with clear examples supported and referenced with relevant data. This question is designed to test your familiarity with sources of financial information which you will need collate market for valuation purposes. You will therefore be marked on solid demonstration of this capability. 3) If a firm repurchases 1% of its shares, does this change the capitalisation of the stock marketon which it is listed? If a firm distributes 1% of its value through dividends, does this change the capitalisation of the st ock market on which it is listed? You are required to explain your reasons including:i) Impact of share repurchase on market capitalisationii) Impact dividend payment on market capitalisation Answers: 1. Investemnet in risky portfolio to buy the risk free asset Yes, by purchasing more of risky portfolio, it is possible to buy the risk free asset. This could only be possible if the investment is done via diversifying the risky portfolio. Here the risky portfolio means investment made in equity or derivates instrumentsc (Baker, 2009). With the help of MPT theory this can be explained . The MPT theory explains the attempts to increase the expectation of the portfolio return which lower the amount of the risk by investing cautiously proportionally. MPT is very much a mathematical form of concept which specifies the diversification of the asset (Bichara, 2008). By making the equity investment diversified like purchasing the shares of the various sectors like pharmacy, FMCG, vehicles, banks, telecommunications, oil and gas etc are some of the major examples of diversifying the equity proportionately (Bierman, 2010). 1.1 MPT theory The MPT model is very much makes the investors portfolio risk averse by analyzing the risk and return. However, it has been noted that, MPT theory is very much does not be apply when the risk becomes the systematic risk such as recessions, depression, inflations , lower GDP etc are some of the major examples of the systematic risk (Boone and Kurtz, 2010). Systematic risk . Figure 1: MPT model on capital market investment (Source: Brigham, 2010, pp-234) Here the efficient frontier is based on the Markowitz bullet which explains the line in graph which lowered the risk as per the given level of return. Efficient frontier helps to gain the best suitable return (Brown, 2006). It intersects the portfolio with minimum number of the variance and set of portfolio which is very much based on the maximum return. The line red indicates the risk free investment which growth is constant in compare to the blue line where the risk is volatile but the growth is higher. (i)Expected return based on weighted combinations E (Rp)= Wi E (Ri) Where Ri = return Wi= weighted of component asset i (ii) Portfolio volatility Where is based on the covariance matrix q is the risk taking where the rules of the portfolio that ultimately becomes zero. q 0 = here the risk becomes the zero by diversification of portfolio investment in more than 3 or 4 sectors or the industry (Bryce, 009). Therefore as per the questions, q is another risky portfolio where the investor is looking to invest in order to buy the new more secured form of portfolio (Carrel, 2010). The non risky asset expenses are Bonds, Treasury bills, MBS (Mortgage back securities asset) and insurance. Some of the investment made by the investors as per the proportion is given below: Mutual fund % of the investment made in risky portfolio to avoid risk large capital stock 45% small capital stock 10% Foreign stock 15% Corporate bonds 30% Graph 1: Investment made to reduce the portfolio risk (Source: Ariel, 2006, pp-1612) From the above , it has been found that, the MPT theory is very much helps to understand the tactical asset allocations which helps the investors to manage and control the asset. However, the risk like systematic and the market risk cannot lower the risk of the portfolio (Asquith and Mullins, 2007). One of the major criticism of the theory is it is very much technical analysis. The technical analysis is based on the past record of the shares. The volatility of share pierce is very much volatility of purchasing of the shares that is very much costly like Microsoft or apple etc. 2.Holding of open end funded are worth of more or less than shares of the fund are traded for Open ended funds are very much is that type of fund which is very much unrestricted to the amount iof equity within the portfolio (Baskin, 2006). Open ended fund has high limit of equity in compare to the closed ended fund where the amount of equity is less. Open ended fund gives the investors full liberty to sell his/her entire shares whenever they want. However, closes ended fund has very ,limited amount if equity and are closely guarded with non risky financial instruments. Mutual funds are been suggested to the investors as per their risk appetite (Beaver et al. 2005). Open mutual fund are more riskier in terms of selling and buying of shares are been done in high degree. Open ended funds are sells and buy the shares on continent basis (Bhattacharya, 1980). Therefore the opened fund does not restrict the investors to make entry or exit in the market. The open ended fund can b also be purchased after the IPO (Initial public offerings). The shares are being purchased and sold on the basis of the NAV (Net asset Value). Open ended fund has more worth of holding rather than consistent trading because buying shares for the long term will give the n investors enough growth in future rather than frequent buying and selling. The number of the outstanding shares usually goes up and down every time if the frequent buying and selling takes places (Born et al. 2005). This is one of the major reasons why the capital market is changing frequently. Open ended funds are one of the most prominent way of mutual fund investments because of entry and exit mode as per the customers wish. The fund manager is very much responsible for the managing the fund of the investors by taking decision of them because of its is based on the daily calculation of NAV. Mutual fund is very much are different because when we buy and hold the mutual fund equity , the investor will have to pay the income tax on holding of the equity. Open-ended mutual fund are made subject to the single set of tax norms (Cadirci, 2008). In order to avoid the taxes the open ended funds are must be distribute within the December 31st. Open ended investments examples invested by the investors are given below: Open ended funds % of the investments Equity shares 48% Bonds fund 22% Money market instruments 24% Hybrid funds 7% The major concentration would be based on the stock funds, hybrid funds and bond fund that are very much long term securities. These hold the 76% of the total asset. Open ended fund are very much are looking to follow the index that is active funds and is looking to outperform an index (Campbell and Shiller, 2007). The standard index of capital market shows that 13% of the total mutual funds with more than 415 of index funds are been following the SP 500 index. The above investments are passive form of investments that can offer lower cost of diversifications. In layman language, index funds has very lower expenditure ratio (Cooper et al. 2009). 2.1Some of the major issues in the open ended funds are Performance of measurement scale: the performance of the open ended mutual fund is very much volatile because of the higher amount of the securities present in the portfolio. The, measurement of the performance of the shares or standard data sources to measure the performance are very much weak (Cooper et al. 2005). One of them is the index measurement which suggests that, interest paid and dividends paid are treated here. Some of the indexes are constructed on the basis of the daily investments, monthly investments and the most often dividend has been discarded. Another major problem would be the tracking of error which very much difficulty because of frequent changes in index which based on the formula of Rpt= ap + p (It) + ept (Dann, 2005). Where the ap= average return , (It)= time, p = sensitivity of index , ept = sum of error is small However, the mere speculation or rather totally depended on the following formula is not enough to understand the actual process of investing the funds. The NAV calculation helps to understand the actual growth of the funding which again has some of the major drawbacks (Dawson, 2009). NAV= Fund asset Fund liabilities/ Outstanding shares For instance, net value of worth of the mutual fund id $1 million , liabilities worth of the 100,000 and shares that are outstanding is 100,000 then NVA will be NAV=1000,000 -100,000/100,000 NAV= 9 per shares This shows that, the total return of the shares would be 9 per shares on the total investments of the 1 million. 3. Change in Market capitalizations of the stock market (i) Impact of the share re-purchase on the market capitalizations One of the major impacts of share repurchase on the stock market capitalization is that it increases the share price of the particular companies (DeMarzo and Duffie, 2005). Buy or repurchase of shares creates favourable trend in the current capital market of UK or any economy. With flexibility in the repurchase of the shares norms ahs made the most of the companies to buy back their own shares without manipulation cost (Divecha and Morse, 2008). If the companys buy back their 1% of shares then the value of the shares in the market is increased by more than 3.4% as per the SP report. Repurchase of shares increase the price of shares which hints the companies to gain the customer confidence which will result into high rise in the market price (Dodd, 2006). Continents Buy back shares cases % of re purchase transaction USA and Canada 13711 29% Asia 11637 24% Africa 1967 4% Europe and UK 14528 31% Latin America 679 1% Total cases 100% Graph 2: % of re purchase transaction of various continents (Source: Donaldson, 2009, pp-235) The buyback of shares has been affecting the stock market capitalization which leads to gain the high market. Since 2008 which shows the buyback has been from 8% to 21% post the financial crisis from the year 2009 (Downs, 2007). Most of the companies are very much wanted to reward their shareholders via dividends and constant purchase of the share buy back in order to keep attracted the investors the companies. For instance, Vodafone has more than hundred million shares 100 outstanding at start of the period of the year. The company shares were traded at 10 that gives the company exposure of more than 1 billion. Company has net income worth of 50 million in 2010 which shows that earning per share of the company is 0.50 p (Easterbrook, 2009). This shows that company has sold t its shares at 20. Therefore at end of year company would have more than 90 billion. Thus, this predicts that, company has repurchased its shares worth of 10 each. (ii) Impact on the dividend payments on the market capitalizations The impact of dividend payments creates the company goodwill in the market. Most of the blue chip companies like Vodafone, Tesco and Sainsbury gives the dividends to their investors or the shareholders who help to create the positive vibe in the mind of the existing customers and the potential customers (Cooper et al. 2005). Dividend payments again an important tool for the organization to creates high price of the market. The dividend payments change the market capitalization by huge because of the most of the long term investors are willing to invest in those companies who are giving the higher dividend. The divided here can be stock dividend or the cash dividends (Dawson, 2009). The stock dividend helps the investor and the stock market to boost its index because for instance if the Tesco is giving the 1% of the stock dividend to the each stock holder then the each of them would have 1% more shares after the issue of dividend. One of the major disadvantages here for the company is that company will have to face cash shortage or the shares shortage for the new investors which will gain ruin the expansion or growth plan in future (DeMarzo and Duffie, 2005). Reference List Books Baker, H. (2009). Dividends and dividend policy. 4th ed. Boston: Person Education. Bichara, L. (2008). Institutional ownership and dividend policy. 5th ed. London: Academic Press. Bierman, H. (2010) An Introduction to Accounting and Managerial Finance. 5th ed. Solihull: CGP Study. Boone, L., and Kurtz, D. (2010) Contemporary Business. 6th ed. California: Chicago Park Press. Brigham, E. (2010). Financial Management: Theory and Practice. 5th ed. USA: Global Professional Publishing. Brown, D. (2006). All about stock market strategies: the easy way to get started. 3rd ed. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Bryce, H. (2009). Financial and strategic management for non-profit organizations. 4th ed. London: Kogan Page Limited Carrel, L. (2010). Dividend Stocks for Dummies. 4th ed. Harvard: Harvard University Press Journals Ariel, R. A. (2006) 'High Stock Returns before Holidays: Existence and Evidence on Possible Causes', Journal of Finance, 45 (5), pp. 1611-1626. Asquith, P. and Mullins, D. (2007) the impact of initiating dividends on shareholder wealth, Journal of Business, 56(2), pp. 77-96 Baskin, J. (2006) Dividend Policy and the Volatility of Common Stock, Journal of Portfolio Management, 15(3), pp. 19-25 Beaver, W., Kettler, P. and Scholes, M. (2005) 'The Association Between Market Determined and Accounting Determined Risk Measures', Accounting Review, 45 (4), pp. 654-682. Bhattacharya, S. (1980) 'Non dissipative Signalling Structures And Dividend Policy', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 95 (1), pp. 1-24. Born, J., James M. and Dennis O. (2005) Changes in dividend policy and subsequent earnings, Journal of Portfolio Management, 3(2), pp. 56-62 Cadirci, B. (2008) 'The adjustment of security prices to the release of stock dividend/rights offering information', Journal of finance, 23 (10), pp. 222-333 Campbell, J. Y. and Shiller, R. J. (2007) 'Stock Prices, Earnings, and Expected Dividends', Journal of Finance, 43 (3), pp. 661-676. Cooper, M. J., Dimitrov, O. and Rau, P. R. (2009) 'A Rose.com by Any Other Name', Journal of Finance, 56 (6), pp. 2371-2388. Cooper, M., Gutierrez Jr, R. C. and Marcum, B. (2005) 'On the Predictability of Stock Returns in Real Time', Journal of Business, 78 (2), pp. 469-499. Dann, L. (2005) 'Common stock variables: an analysis of returns to bondholders and stockholders', Journal of Financial Economics, 9 (2), pp. 113-38. Dawson, S. M. (2009) 'The Trend Toward Efficiency For Less Developed Stock Exchanges: Hong Kong', Journal of Business Finance Accounting, 11 (2), pp. 151-161. DeMarzo, P. and Duffie, D. (2005) 'Corporate incentives for hedging and hedge accounting', Review of Financial Studies, 12 (7), pp. 743-771. Divecha, A. and Morse, D. (2008) 'Market Responses to Dividend Increases and Changes in Payout Ratios', Journal of Financial Quantitative Analysis, 18 (2), pp. 163-173. Dodd, P. (2006) 'Merger Proposals, Management Discretion And Stockholder Wealth', Journal of Financial Economics, 8 (2), pp. 105-138. Donaldson, G. (2009) Corporate debt capacity, Journal of Finance, 4(3), pp. 234-245. Downs, W. (2007) An alternate approach to fundamental analysis: The asset side of the equation, Journal of Portfolio Management, 17(2), pp. 6-17. Easterbrook, F. H. (2009) 'Two Agency-Cost Explanations of Dividends', American Economic Review, 74 (4), p. 650.

Entrepreneurship And Business Planning †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurship And Business Planning. Answer: Introduction: Entrepreneurship is known as the process to design, launch and operate a business organization (McIlroy 2017). Entrepreneurs usually carry out business venture autonomously. They are considered as risk takers, as it is not easy to operate any business organization individually. He needs to take various challenges while carrying out any business venture. There are many leading entrepreneurs who have bought revolution in the business world by their efficient and effective performance. Harry Triguboff is one of them who have put a strong footprint in the industry by his innovative performance. Harry Oscar Triguboff is an Australian entrepreneur who has started his journey of entrepreneurship as property developer. He is the founder of the Australian real estate company called Meriton, which is known as High-rise-Harry. He has secured the position in the list of Australias richest people by his performance. Harry is the son of builder who used to operate his business in China. He belongs to a well-educated and well-established family. After completing his education and trying his hands in several odd jobs, Harry finally entered in the world of real estate (Johnson and Baker 2015). The following article has concentrated on the entire life and career of Harry Oscar Triguboff. The report has articulated various aspects of his life to provide vivid idea about his growth. Reasons of being categorised as an Entrepreneur: Entrepreneurs are often called self-made person. Entrepreneurship is considered as the willingness of the person to design and developed a business organization. They work as a leader in their organization, not as subordinates. They possess the capacity to run and control their business organization. Entrepreneurship is the combination of few particular skills and qualities, such as- willingness, risk-taking capacity, leadership skills, punctuality and motivational skills, willingness to learn and so on. The efficiency level of the entrepreneurs are measured on the basis these qualities. In this scenario, Harry Oscar Triguboff possesses all such qualities that have led him to become one of the most famous entrepreneurs of the decade. He has leadership skills, risk taking capacity and willingness to learn, which is reflected in his decisions. He has implemented all his knowledge from his previous jobs in his real estate business. Thus, it has helped him to avoid many future risks and obstacles. He is running his organization successfully by his leadership and innovative skill. Thus, it can be stated that the Harry Oscar Triguboff has all the potential to be categorised as entrepreneur (Rutland 2013). Type of Entrepreneurship: There are five types of Entrepreneur, such as- Skeptical Entrepreneur, Copycat Entrepreneur, Research Entrepreneur, Determined Entrepreneur and Accomplished Entrepreneur. The qualities and skills of the entrepreneurs distinguish them from each other. Skeptical Entrepreneur: Skeptical Entrepreneurs are those who always concentrate on the success of other entrepreneurs and try to measure the success and identify the reason behind their success. Skeptical Entrepreneurs always questions the success of other business persons (Bull 2014). Copycat Entrepreneur: Copycat Entrepreneurs are those who follow the footsteps of other entrepreneurs and adopt their skills and qualities. Research Entrepreneur: Entrepreneurs who are willing to learn and often conduct research o gather knowledge about how to run a business organization successfully and what are the key elements of the successful business organization are called research entrepreneur (Haggstrom 2017). Determined Entrepreneur: Entrepreneurs who are determined to achieve their goal and people who are not ready to compromise on the goal are called determined entrepreneurs. This type of entrepreneurs are always ready to go to the any extend to earn their desired target (Fisher 2015). Accomplished Entrepreneur: Entrepreneurs who have reached to their desired position after going through all the phases of becoming a successful entrepreneur are called accomplished entrepreneurs. This type of entrepreneurs concentrate on every aspects of entrepreneurship and figure out what are the key factors that will be suitable for him to earn the desired organizational goal (Birrell and McCloskey 2016). By evaluating various traits of the entrepreneurs, it can be stated that in this scenario, Harry is an Accomplished Entrepreneur who has reached to his desired target after experiencing all the stage of entrepreneurship. From 1963, with the start of his first development, his journey as an entrepreneur has been started. Since then, he has put a strong impact on the world of Entrepreneur by his remarkable performance. He has faced various challenges and obstacles during this period, but his efficiency and hard working capabilities has led him to become the pioneer in the real estate industry of Australia. After 47 years of his career, he has been announced as the Australias Wealthiest Businessman in 2016. Thus, it can be mentioned that he is an accomplished entrepreneur who has put his remarkable mark in every step of entrepreneurship and finally reached to the final destination (Birrell and McCloskey 2015). Skills and Talents: Harry Triguboff preserves many skills and potential those have led him to achieve this target as a successful entrepreneur. He has a strong learning capacity. He is willing to learn and he tries to gather knowledge from everywhere. He has implemented all his previous job experience and learning experience while starting up his business for the first time (Bolleter 2017). On the other hand, he has the leadership quality that is highly required to run any business organization successfully. It helps him to manage his organizational function in this competitive era. He always tries to motivate his subordinates to participate in the organizational function by using his motivational skills. He always maintains healthy relation with his teammates to make sure that they are committed enough towards the organization (Squires and Heurkens 2014). Moreover, Harry has remarkable patience level which is considered as his key success factor. It was not easy for him to establish his own business empire. He has undergone several rough patches to achieve his desired goal (Leigh 2013). Temperament of the Entrepreneur: It is important for every business person to have a good control over their temperament. Otherwise, it will be difficult for them to survive in this competitive era. In this scenario, Harry has high patience level along with a good control over the nerves which influences his growth as a entrepreneur (Rivera Quiones 2013). Entrepreneurial Orientation: Entrepreneurial orientation mainly focuses on three dimensions of entrepreneurship, such as- risk-taking capability, innovation and pro-activeness. In this scenario, Harry Triguboff is the combination of these three dimensions (Mintrom, Salisbury and Luetjens 2014). His risk taking capacity has led him to establish his own organization with little knowledge about the real estate sector. Although, his father was a builder, he has not taken any kind of help from his father while setting up his business. He was aware of the fact that he might face various challenges in this path. However, it does not put any impact on his decision. He has taken various notable steps in his career that influences his growth (Foley and O'Connor 2013). Innovation is another key word of the success of Harry Oscar Triguboff. He has taken several innovative steps in his career that plays major role to establish him as one of the renowned name in the business world. He is the creator of the World Tower, which is considered as the tallest building of Sydney. He has taken various initiatives to participate in the community development, which have helped him to maintain healthy relation with the local community and people around the organization. He is associated with Wests Tigers since 1988, which has grabbed the attention of the large number of consumers (Collins et al. 2016). Pro-activeness is highly required for every entrepreneur. As entrepreneurs are the only leaders of their business, it is their responsibility to protect their organization from any kind of future threat. Thus, in this scenario, it can be stated that Harry is capable of identifying future risks, which worked as a major strength of his business organization. He has started his journey as a builder with single apartment. He has assumed that people who have small families often look for single apartments and small houses, which has led him to build small apartments and reach to his target market (Salignac, Galea and Powell 2017). Motivating Factors: There is a single factor that has motivated him to start his own business venture. He is mainly motivated by the negative approach of a builder, who has been hired by him to establish but buildings for him. However, this decision soon turned into a major failure of his career due to disagreement between the builder and Harry. Harry has learned a strong lesson from this failure and decided to start his own business as a developer. Thus, it can be stated that this factor works as a motivation for Harry Triguboff (Fisher, Maritz and Lobo 2014). Surprising Factors: Although, Harry is son of a renowned builder, he has never wished to become builder or entrepreneur. He has done various jobs. After facing several challenges and issues, harry has finally decided to become an entrepreneur. Confirmed and Contradicted Idea about Entrepreneurship: It is a confirmed concept about entrepreneurship that entrepreneurs must have risk taking capabilities. Otherwise, they will not be able to manage their business autonomously. Contradicted idea about entrepreneurship is that entrepreneurs face various challenges in their personal and professional life while establishing their business. It is not easy for them to survive. Importance of Teamwork: Harry considers teamwork as one of the key factors for the organizational success. He always maintains healthy and interactive relation with the employees and other stakeholders of the company. He makes sure that they are aware of the organizational mission and they are willing to work as a team to achieve the organizational goal (Hougaz 2015). Challenges: While starting up the business, Harry has faced many hindrances. It was not easy for him to design and carry out business venture individually without any guidance from anyone. There were many rival companies who were giving threat every now and then to Meriton. He has faced some financial challenges as well at the initial stage. However, by using his skills and potential, Harry has successfully overcome all the obstacles and established his business in an appropriate manner (Marques, Yigitcanlar and da Costa 2015). Mistakes: Harry has not made any kind of major mistake in his career, but he has appointed a builder while holding a real estate business, which has led him to face an awful consequence. However, he has learned from his mistake and shaped his career accordingly. Importance of Networking: Networking is an integral part of Property Business. The success of the business is highly dependent on the networking capacity of the business owner (Black and Yasukawa 2016). In this scenario, Harry preserves good networking capacity that has helped him to reach to his target market. In order to earn huge profit and promote the brand name to every corner of the world, Harry has used his networking capacity. Tools of Trade: Harry Triguboff is using communication as a tool for his trade. He maintains strong and interactive relation with the internal and external stakeholders of his organization. It helps him to understand the market trend and structure and requirement of his consumers. Communication plays crucial role within modern business organization. Thus, Harry has paid special attention o the communication structure of his business organization to provide quality service to the consumers (Hougaz 2015). Supportive Factors: The determination and patience level of Mr. Triguboff has supported his growth as an entrepreneur. He was determined to achieve his goal, which helped him to ear desired position and gain trust and respect among the industry. Another major supportive factor of His behaviour is his patience level. It has helped him to overcome many challenges in his career (Fisher, Maritz and Lobo 2014). Information from the Study: The study has enriched the knowledge by providing many relevant information about entrepreneurship and its various aspects. The study has enlightened various traits of successful entrepreneur that is highly beneficial to enhance knowledge about entrepreneurship. On the other hand, it has provided vivid idea that obstacles are faced by every entrepreneur and it is not an easy task to carry out. Conclusion: As per the previous discussion, it can be concluded that Entrepreneurship is a combination of some key traits, such as- risk taking capacity, innovation, creativity, determination and patience level. These traits play crucial role in the success of the entrepreneur. In order to design, launch and operate an autonomous business organization and serve consumers with quality service, it is important for the entrepreneur to have these skills, which will help him to put strong impression in the business world by his efficient and effective performance. Harry Oscar Triguboff has brought revolution by taking several notable and innovative initiatives. It has helped him to become one of the pioneer in the world of real estate. References: Birrell, B. and McCloskey, D., 2015. The housing affordability crisis in Sydney and Melbourne Report One: The demographic foundations.Victoria, Australia: The Australian Population Research Institute. Birrell, B. and McCloskey, D., 2016. Sydney and Melbournes housing affordability crisis report two: No end in sight.Canberra: The Australian Population Research Institute. Black, S. and Yasukawa, K., 2016. Research that counts: OECD statistics and policy entrepreneurs impacting on Australian adult literacy and numeracy policy.Research in Post-Compulsory Education,21(3), pp.165-180. Bolleter, J., 2017. Postcards from the edge: A critical reading of representations of the interior in Australian landscape architecture.Journal of Landscape Architecture,12(1), pp.74-85. Bull, L., 2014. Frontline Interview: Whistleblowers inside the Australian building racket.Pacific Journalism Review,20(2), pp.162-171. Collins, J., Morrison, M., Krivokapic-Skoko, B., Butler, R. and Basu, P.K., 2016. Indigenous small businesses in the Australian Indigenous economy.Engaging Indigenous Economy: Debating diverse approaches,35, p.265. Fisher, G., 2015.Inside Out. NewSouth. Fisher, R., Maritz, A. and Lobo, A., 2014. Evaluating entrepreneurs perception of success: Development of a measurement scale.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research,20(5), pp.478-492. Foley, D. and O'Connor, A.J., 2013. Social capital and the networking practices of indigenous entrepreneurs.Journal of Small Business Management,51(2), pp.276-296. Haggstrom, L.R., Nelson, J.A., Wegner, E.A. and Caplan, G.A., 2017. 2-18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in delirium.Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism, p.0271678X17701764. Hougaz, L., 2015.Entrepreneurs in family business dynasties: Stories of Italian-Australian family businesses over 100 Years. Springer. Johnson, M., and Baker, D. 2015. The great Australian lockout. Leigh, A., 2013.Battlers billionaires: The story of inequality in Australia. Black Inc.. Marques, J.S., Yigitcanlar, T. and da Costa, E.M., 2015. Australian innovation ecosystem: A critical review of the national innovation support mechanisms.Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship,9(2), pp.3-28. McIlroy, J., 2017. Billionaires get rich as poor get poorer.Green Left Weekly, (1140), p.3. Mintrom, M., Salisbury, C. and Luetjens, J., 2014. Policy entrepreneurs and promotion of Australian state knowledge economies.Australian Journal of Political Science,49(3), pp.423-438. Rivera Quiones, M., 2013.Economic dependency and the political economy of post-neoliberalism in Argentina: the paradox between commodities and progressiveness, the case of the soy complex(Doctoral dissertation, University of Sussex). Rutland, S.D., 2013. The Asia-Pacific Region and Australian Jewry.Between Mumbai and Manila, p.91. Salignac, F., Galea, N. and Powell, A., 2017. Institutional entrepreneurs driving change: The case of gender equality in the Australian construction industry.Australian Journal of Management, p.0312896217705179. Squires, G. and Heurkens, E., 2014. Concluding international approaches to real estate development.International Approaches to Real Estate Development, p.218.

Older Dads More Likely to Have Kids with Autism

The article â€Å"Older Dads More Likely to Have Kids with Autism† discusses the health effects of children inheriting genetic mutations from fathers above 45 years. The author highlights autism as one of the main outcomes of late fatherhood following the release of the results of a study involving the counting of the mutations corresponding to a father’s age at the time of conception.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Older Dads More Likely to Have Kids with Autism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author presents the conclusions from the study, which shows a positive correlation between a father’s age and birth of children with harmful genetic mutations. The author highlights a direct relationship in the number of mutations carried by a child and the father’s age. The article claims that paternal factors play the main role in influencing the occurrence of disorders relating to impaired development of neural functions in children (Diament, 2014). The author counters the view that old mothers are mainly responsible for the manifestation of autism in children. An evaluation of the results from studies on cases of autism in children fathered by men of different ages illustrates the effects of advanced paternal age on the risks of autism. Case Studies on Advanced Paternal Age and Autism An analysis of the data from a study on the role of paternal and maternal age in increasing the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) illustrates the relationship between advanced paternal age and ASD. The study relied on a sample from 10 study sites in the US earmarked for investigation by the Center for Disease Control. The study used registers detailing the complete paternal information of about 250, 000 newborns. The study presents about 1000 cases of children below eight years suffering from ASD whose paternal information shows risks of autism (Lamb et al., 2000). The study concludes that children fathered by men above 40 years have three times the likelihood of developing ASD compared to the third and later children fathered by men below 40 years. The researchers controlled factors such as the maternal age and education and prenatal environment to increase the sensitivity of the experiment. A study on the influence of parental age on neurodevelopment disorders conducted on Jewish participants illustrates the relationship between paternal age and ASD. The study involves establishing a pattern connecting paternal age and cases of ASD in children born with a scope of six consecutive years. Information on the parental age of a subset of the study population confirms the details from the registry of Internal Classification of Diseases, which identifies about 110 cases of autism in the subset under study (Durkin et al., 2008). The study concludes that there exists a significant association between paternal age and the probability of autism in a child . The study affirms that children fathered by men above 45 years have five times the probability of developing autism compared to children fathered by individuals below 30 years. The evaluation of the role of paternal age involves the control of factors such as maternal age and socioeconomic factors to increase the sensitivity of the findings.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The study of a birth group of ten years in Sweden used information from the National Patient Register to establish the relationship between paternal age and recorded cases of autism. The study evaluates the manifestation of autism in children from 660 families born within the cohort. The researchers combined data on epidemiological experiments to reach the conclusion that children fathered by men above 50 years had 2.2 times the probability of developing autism compared to children fathered by men below 35 years (O’roak et al., 2011). Discussion of the Case Studies on Autism The expression of gene mutations in autism manifests as a primary gene defect or secondary effect in cells primarily in the brain and central nervous system, which leads to the observable characteristics of autism. The pervasive expression of a gene mutation may induce a chain effect that alters the phenotype of the affected cell. An evaluation of the studies on autism risks due to advanced paternal age highlights the connection between biological mechanisms such as de novo aberrations and genetic mutations, which are responsible for increased changes in genetic imprinting in aging men. The fact that the studies involved participants from different settings helped to minimize the effects of localized environmental, socioeconomic and maternal factors on the identified cases of autism due to advanced paternal age. The focus on analyzing the influence of paternal age on ASD arose due mixed results from expe riments on the role of maternal age in the development of autism. Numerous studies have shown consistent results regarding the relationship between conditions such the Down syndrome and the influence of maternal age on chromosomal abnormalities. The lack of congruency in five epidemiological experiments on the relationship between maternal age and ASD encouraged scientists to shift their focus to the effects of paternal age on neural developmental disorders. An analysis of the reports on the prevalence of ASD illustrates a connection in the trend relating to child psychopathology and changes in the mean maternal and paternal age. Genome sequencing to establish the rate of de novo mutations in men of different ages provides insights on the linear relationship between paternal age and the average number of mutations that children can inherit from their fathers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Older Dads More Likely to Have Kids with Autism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The frequency of de novo mutations increases with age and is double in men above 40 years compared to men below 25 years. The rate in de novo mutations reaches up to ten times the average rate in young men when men reach 80 years. The transmission of de novo mutations during conception creates the relationship between advanced paternal age and autism. An analysis of the DNA structure illustrates that the sperm cell is under constant division and generation, which leads to frequent mutations. On the other hand, the harmonized nature of the egg cell in women minimizes the risks of autism due to inherited mutations with the advancement in maternal age. A study in Iceland on mutations in children that did not exist in either parent provided results on the percentage of mutations due to spontaneous changes in the sperm or embryo. The study shows that fathers pass on 55 mutations to their children compared to 14 mutation s inherited from women. With 50 percent of active genes having a key role in the neural development of a child, old fathers introduce random DNA errors, which have a high likelihood of affecting the development of the brain. Although most of the mutations are harmless, the implications of paternal age on autism risks remain significantly strong. Scientists have identified a link between de novo mutations and alteration of the dopamine neurotransmitter, which leads to the manifestation of hyperactivity and other symptoms in individuals with autism. Mutation in the dopamine transporter gene affects the regulation of dopamine levels, which induces common behavioral effects evident in autism patients. An experiment on the relationship between copy number variation (CNV) of the de novo mutations and ASD illustrates that 12 out of 118 individuals with ASD exhibited de novo CNVs. The results of the experiment show that about 3 percent of the participants had siblings affected by autism. Co nclusion The increasing evidence on the influence of paternal age on autism risks requires education and awareness on the importance of early fatherhood. The fact that a 36 years old father will pass about twice the number of mutations passed by a 20 years old father highlights the importance of interventions to lower the mean paternal age. The agreement among diverse studies on the extra mutations passed on to children with the advancement in paternal age has substantiated the fact that paternal age plays a greater role in influencing neurodevelopment disorders in children compared to maternal age. The study highlights the risks of delaying parenthood, which increases the susceptibility of children to inheriting a large number of mutant and harmful genes.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The evidence on the risks of advanced paternal age and the role of the sperm in complex neural developments supports the conclusion that genetic mutations in the sperm cells leads to about 30 percent of all autism cases. Despite the increase in the evidence on the role of advanced paternal age in autism, it is important to acknowledge other factors that lead to autism considering that a reasonable number of young fathers have children suffering from autism. References Diament, M. (2014). Older Dads More Likely To Have Kids with Autism, Disability  Scoop. Retrieved from https://www.disabilityscoop.com/2014/02/27/older-dads-autism/19150/ Durkin, M., Maenner, M., Newschaffer, C., Lee, L., Cunniff, C., Daniels, J., et al. (2008). Advanced Parental Age and the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder. American Journal of Epidemiology, 168(11), 1268-1276. Lamb, J., Moore, J., Bailey, A., Monaco, A. (2000). Autism: recent molecular genetic advances. Human Molecular Genetics, 9(6), 861-868. Oâ⠂¬â„¢roak, B. J., Shendure, J., Girirajan, S., Schwartz, J. J., Vives, L., Lee, C., et al. (2011). Exome sequencing in sporadic autism spectrum disorders identifies severe de novo mutations. Nature Genetics, 43(6), 585-589. This research paper on Older Dads More Likely to Have Kids with Autism was written and submitted by user Haleigh Mendoza to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.